#5 - Recently, highly skilled workers in Eastern Europe have

[Adam Tyson]

There is certainly some implied cause and effect in the stimulus, Caroline - the author believes that the exodus of these workers has caused higher demand. But the causal aspect of this question is made more clear in the answer choices, where answer B gives us the cause of the exodus as low demand, essentially denying the truth of the conclusion in the stimulus. To identify causal arguments without clear indicators, just ask yourself "why does this author believe this conclusion? How does the evidence allegedly support it?" You may find that the causal nature is evidence once you put yourself in the author's place.