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#22689
Complete Question Explanation

Must Be True. The correct answer choice is (E)

In this stimulus, we're given two important pieces of information. The first sentence states a general fact about farm animals. The second sentence, however, is extremely important. It tells us that farm-management practices that conflict with evolved behavior cause animals more pain and distress than practices that more closely conform to that behavior. The third sentence adds another point: these conflicting farm-management practices can also be less efficient.

It's very important to notice two key words in those last two sentences: "more" and "less". The terms remain relative--there are no absolute statements being made about these two types of practices, just relative ones.

Answer choice (A): We don't know if or how behavioral tendencies might be altered. If anything, the stimulus implies that certain behavioral tendencies are the result of evolution, and therefore can't be changed.

Answer choice (B) You don't need to be familiar with the evolutionary history of farm animals; you just need to make sure that your management doesn't conflict with their naturally evolved behavioral tendencies.

Answer choice (C) This is actually the opposite of what the stimulus implies. The last sentence implies that practices that don't conflict with animal behavior are more efficient than practices that cause animals more pain and distress.

Answer choice (D) This is precisely what we were talking about earlier, in terms of understanding the difference between comparisons and absolutes. Look out for the word "most" in this answer choice! The stimulus doesn't give us a statement strong enough to let us make this claim.

Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer choice. Notice the use of the words "some" and "can". This is a very moderate statement, and fits the comparative information we were given in the stimulus.
 lexigibbs
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#33889
I have a question about the homework questions from Logical Reasoning. I am confused how the answer is correct.

L1 HW Must Be True 1-87/6 the correct answer is E

I hope you can clarify how the right answer to this came about!

Thanks!!
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 Jonathan Evans
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#33890
Hi, Lexi!

First off, you should review the lesson to make sure that you are solid about what you're looking for in a credited response to a Must Be True question or a Main Point question and that you know the common traps and characteristics that make other answer choices incorrect. This takes a lot of practice, and you've got to have a firm grounding in the fundamentals.

Now for your question.

Question 6: Must Be True

We know from the statements that farm management practices that conflict with animals' behavioral tendencies can cause these animals pain and distress and that the animals tend to resist such organization. We also know that because of this resistance, these current practices can be less efficient than other practices that do not conflict with animals' behavioral tendencies.

Therefore, we can prove that "some changes in farm-management practices that lessen the pain and distress experienced by farm animals can result in gains in efficiency." Also note the very-non-extreme word "some" at the beginning of this answer choice.

I hope this explanation helps. Please follow up should you need further detail!
 JerryFordJr
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#37763
Answer choice (B) You don't need to be familiar with the evolutionary history of farm animals; you just need to make sure that your management doesn't conflict with their naturally evolved behavioral tendencies.

How can you be "sure that your management doesn't conflict with their naturally evolved behavioral tendencies" if you are not familiar with the evolutionary history of the farm animals..why is familiarity of their evolutionary history not sufficient to understanding their naturally evolved behavioral tendencies so that your management style wouldn't conflict?
 AthenaDalton
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#37836
Hi JerryFordJr,

In answer to your question, a farmer could hypothetically implement efficient farm practices that someone else designed without personally knowing about the evolutionary biology of his farm animals. For example, university researchers could come up with a "best practices" protocol for farmers to follow (based on their research into evolutionary biology) that could be implemented by a farmer who doesn't know about the underlying science.

Hope that makes sense! Good luck studying,

Athena Dalton
 elewis10
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#44580
Are we supposed to assume that because current practices can cause lack of efficiency, changes in those practices can result in gains in efficiency? how can we be sure?

is it that since current practices cause more pain and distress that changed practices cause "not more" pain and distress therefore higher efficiency?
 Adam Tyson
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#44612
It's in the nature of any causal claim, elewis10, that if the claim is true, then removing or altering the cause ought to remove or alter the effect. Otherwise, it's not a cause! If hitting my head against a wall causes my head to hurt, then it has to be true that I can alter my head pain by not hitting my head against a wall. If I stop hitting my head against the wall, but my head continues to hurt the same amount, or hurts even more, then hitting it against the wall could not have been the cause of the pain in the first place.

If current practices are the cause of lost efficiency due to causing pain and distress, then it must be true that what practices we choose to employ can have some effect on efficiency, and changes that lessen pain and distress must at least have the possibility of improving efficiency. That doesn't mean that EVERY change that lessens pain and distress will improve efficiency, but only that there must be SOME such change that could have such an effect. If there were not, then it could not be the case that those practices are the cause of that lost efficiency.
 blade21cn
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#72525
Can anyone explain what "organization" means in the stimulus? It's not a usage of the word that I'm familiar with - "By imposing on these animals a type of organization ..." Thanks!
 James Finch
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#72528
Hi Blade,

"Organization" here is best regarded as "outside control;" the animals no longer behave as they would like, but instead have their actions and living spaces controlled by the farmers. As an example, you could think of cows, a naturally grazing animal, confined to pens or small stables in barns. Or similarly a new boss comes in and "reorganizes" how an office functions.

Hope this clears things up!
 Jay
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#73613
Hello. I have a question about Answer choice E.

Isn't this mistaken negation?

I came up with a following diagram:

impose organization -> current farm management -> pain and distress to animals -> less efficient

Then, I thought E is mistaken negation because E is essentially saying

No "pain and distress to animals" -> No "less efficient" (or gains in efficiency)

Thank you!

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